by Larry W. Wilson

The 144,000 and the Numberless Multitude

"Even on myservants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in those days. "
– Joel 2:29, italics mine

Ever since John penned the book of Revelation in A.D. 95, Bible students have debated and discussed questions about the 144,000. Who are they? What is their purpose? When will they appear? How will they be recognized? Where will they appear? Why are they numbered? Why is their Jewish lineage important? Before we examine these and other questions, carefully review the first eight verses of Revelation 7:

Of the tribe of Benjamin were sealed twelve thousand."(Revelation 7:1-8, KJV)

You may notice, after reviewing the twelve tribes listed in Revelation 7:5-8, that the tribe of Dan is missing and the tribe of Ephraim is renamed. (The tribe of Joseph is another name for the tribe of Ephraim.) These nuances reflect certain developments that occurred during the history of ancient Israel.

Israel (also known as Jacob) and his family moved into Egypt because of the famine in Canaan (Genesis 46). He happily reunited with his "long lost son," Joseph, and he adopted Joseph's two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, as his own. (Genesis 48:5) This adoption elevated the two grandsons of Israel to a position that was equal with their eleven uncles. Eventually, Ephraim and Manasseh became leaders of tribes bearing their names. (Joshua 14:4; Numbers 1 and 26.) This development explains why, at the time of the Exodus, the actual number of tribes that departed Egypt totaled thirteen, but they were formally counted as twelve. (Exodus 24:4; Deuteronomy 33)

When Moses ascended Mount Sinai to meet with God for forty days, many Israelites fell into idolatry while Moses was gone by worshiping the golden calf which Aaron built. When Moses returned to the camp, he called for volunteers to kill the defiant idolaters. The Levites immediately stepped forward and they killed about 3,000 of their kinfolk. When the Lord saw the Levites were willing to kill their kindred to honor His covenant, He exalted the Levites above the other tribes by making them His priests. (Exodus 32:25-29; Deuteronomy 33:8-11) This may sound strange, but when God exalted the Levites as priests, He eliminated their inheritance. The Levites were not given a share of the promised land. Instead, God gave the Levites a portion of the bounty from the land – the tithes and offerings* that would be forthcoming. (Numbers 18:20-24)

*   God's wisdom is both elegant and astonishing. By giving the Levites the tithes and offerings, the Lord made the Levites dependent on Israel's faithfulness to Him. If the Levites stayed close to God and were faithful to their high calling of teaching and nurturing His people in the way they should go, the nation of Israel would prosper and there would be sufficient tithes and offerings to care for the whole tribe of Levi! On the other hand, if the Levites failed to "nurture the body of Christ" in word and deed, idolatry and rebellion would follow and the end result was that the Levites would be the first to suffer from national apostasy. (Deuteronomy 28)

The tribe of Dan is not included in the list of tribes in Revelation 7. Evidently, this tribe was destroyed. Although the Bible does not explain the disappearance of the tribe of Dan, certainly, the 144,000 will come fromallthe tribes of Israel."Then I heard the number of those who were sealed: 144,000 fromallthe tribes of Israel."(Italics mine) Since Dan is not listed, we have to conclude that Dan became extinct. Dan occupied the northern part of Canaan which was the "wild frontier" in those days. (Joshua 19:40-47) Because Dan would have been the first to encounter hostile armies coming down from the north, the exposure may have contributed to this tribe's demise. Dan's geographical position in the promised land became a colloquialism. The northern and southern boundaries of Israel were frequently described with the words, "from Dan to Beersheba." (Judges 20:1; 1 Samuel 3:20; 1 Kings 4:25)

The inclusion of the tribe of Levi in Revelation 7 is significant for two reasons. First, this is the only place in the Bible where the Levites are numbered as one of the twelve tribes after the death of Moses. (Deuteronomy 33) Second, even though the tribe of Levi was exalted above the other tribes in ancient times, theyare notexalted above the other tribes when it comes to the sealing of the 144,000. There will be as many Benjamites as Levites. The demotion of the Levites is explained by the apostle Paul in Hebrews 7 when he explains that God abolished the Levitical priesthood due to the implementation of a new covenant.

One final point in this section should be noticed. Revelation 7:5-8 indicates that when the sealing of the 144,000 occurs, each tribe is larger than 12,000 people. For example, the Bible says, "Of the tribe of Levi were sealed twelve thousand."The existence of each tribe will prove to be interesting later in this study because, currently, no one knows the identity or whereabouts of the twelve tribes. Fire destroyed the genealogical records of Israel in A.D. 70 when the Roman general, Titus, destroyed Jerusalem. In light of the language used in Revelation 7, the absence of genealogical records is interesting because the identity of the twelve tribes is known only to God at the present time. Of course, the twelve tribes have to exist at the time of the end because 12,000 will be selected and sealed from each tribe.

Because the book of Daniel has been unsealed, we have four valid rules of interpretation. Because we have the rules, the identity, mission and timing of the 144,000 can be determined. Since Rule Two of apocalyptic prophecy requires that all specifications be met in order to produce a fulfillment, please review the following specifications concerning the 144,000. A discussion about each specification will follow:

Now that these eight specifications have been summarized, a few remarks about each one may prove to be helpful.

Specification #1 – Are the 144,000 "Servants the Prophets?"

John calls the 144,000, "servants," "servants the prophets," and "servants of God" in the book of Revelation. (Revelation 6:11, 7:3, 10:7, 19:2) Observe John's use of language in the following texts (For the sake of clarity, I have inserted a few words in these verses and enclosed them in brackets, but especially notice the words I have emphasized with bold print.):

If we compare these four passages to one another, we find that John consistently distinguishes between God's servants and God's saints. For example, in the first text, Revelation 6:11, John distinguishes between "servants" and "brothers." Since the fifth seal occurs during the latter part of the Great Tribulation we have to ask, "What 'servants' of God will be slain during the Great Tribulation? Could the "servants" in Revelation 6:11 be the 144,000 "servants" mentioned in Revelation 7:3? Yes! Here is why:

In the fourth text, Revelation 16:4-6, John distinguishes between "saints" and "prophets." This particular text forces a distinctive wedge between a group of people called "saints" and a group of people called "prophets" because of timing. We know that the third bowl will be poured out in the final days of the Great Tribulation (during the seven last plagues). The Bible says the third bowl will be specifically directed to those who shed the blood of "saints" and "prophets." The book of Revelation identifies the prophets who are killed by the people who receive the third plague. The 144,000 "servants" in Revelation 7:3 are the "prophets" slain in Revelation 16:4-6. Notice how this connection is made.

The third text says that just before the seventh trumpet sounds, "The mystery of God will be accomplished just as He announced to Hisservantsthe prophets." Whatprophetswill be informed about "the mystery of God" prior to the sounding of the seventh trumpet? Could theservants the prophetsin Revelation 10:7 be the 144,000servantsmentioned in Revelation 7:3? The internal harmony within Revelation says, "Yes!" The 144,000 will be a distinct group of people who are separate and distinct from the numberless multitude who come out of the Great Tribulation.

Look again at the third text. When the seventh trumpet sounds in Revelation 11:18, loud voices in Heaven will urgently proclaim that the time has arrived for Jesus to avenge the killing of His "prophets" and "saints." Once again John distinguishes between a group of people called prophets and a group of people called saints, and he indicates that people in both groups will suffer death during the Great Tribulation.

Therefore:

Before the Great Tribulation begins, God will select, empower, and seal 144,000 servants who will serve Him as prophets during the Great Tribulation. These people will speak for God. Because of religious arrogance and gross ignorance, most of these servants of God will suffer the fate of prophets in ages past. (Matthew 23:37)

Perhaps a larger selection of Bible texts will clarify why John differentiates between saints and prophets. The 144,000 are called "servants" in Revelation 7:3 because this word expresses their calling. The word "prophet" denotes their mission. When the two terms "servants – the prophets" are brought together, the term becomes a job title. Please review the following texts (many more texts are in the Bible) and notice how the title, "servantsandservants the prophets" is applied (I have emphasized certain words by putting them in bold text):

2 Kings 17:22, 23"The Israelites persisted in all the sins of Jeroboam and did not turn away from them until the Lord removed them from his presence, as he hadwarnedthrough all hisservants the prophets. So the people of Israel were taken from their homeland into exile in Assyria, and they are still there."

Jeremiah 7:25, 26"From the time your forefathers left Egypt until now, day after day, again and again I sent you myservants the prophets. But they did notlistento me or pay attention. They were stiff-necked and did more evil than their forefathers."

Ezekiel 38:16, 17". . . .In days to come, O Gog, I will bring you against my land, so that the nations may know me when I show myself holy through you before their eyes. This is what the Sovereign Lord says: 'Are you not the one Ispokeof in former days by myservants the prophetsof Israel?' "

Daniel 9:6, 10"[Oh Lord,] We have notlistenedto yourservants the prophets, who spoke in your name to our kings, our princes and our fathers, and to all the people of the land. . . . we have not obeyed the Lord our God or kept the laws he gave us through hisservants the prophets."

Joel 2:28, 29"And afterward, I will pour outmy Spiriton all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions. Even onmy servants, both men and women, I will pour outmy Spiritin those days."

The Bible uses the title, "servants the prophets" nineteen times and in every case this title identifies special individuals whom Godselectedto speak on His behalf. Of course, the word "servants" can be used in a broader sense to mean subjects, slaves, employees and believers. (Genesis 24:34; 1 Corinthians 4:1) But the context in Revelation 7 indicates the 144,000 servants of God will not be ordinary servants. When we realize that God has delayed destroying the Earth until 144,000 servants are sealed, we know they will not be ordinary people!

Notice how the word "servants" is used within the context of Joel 2:28-31. The Lord told Joel,"And afterward, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions. Even on myservants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in those days. I will show wonders in the Heavens and on the Earth, blood and fire and billows of smoke. The Sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord."(Joel 2:30, 31, italics mine)

These verses pointed forward from Joel's day to "the great and dreadful day of the Lord" that would have occurred after the expiration of the seventy weeks under "Plan A." Because Israel rejected Christ, "Plan A" was abandoned and "Plan B" was implemented. Peter did not know that "Plan A" had been abandoned, so when the Holy Spirit was manifested at the Feast of Pentecost, he naturally thought the "last days" predicted by Joel had arrived and this is why he quoted from Joel 2. (See his remarks in Acts 2:15-21) Because Revelation 9 through 11 (Plan B) parallels Joel 2 (Plan A), we can be sure the Lord will pour out His Spirit onallpeople (all flesh, KJV) during the Great Tribulation. Furthermore, we can be sure that God will generously pour out His Spirit"even on my servants, both men and women."Joel's distinction between "all people" and God's servants is important. In Revelation 7, John distinguished between a numbered group of servants and a numberless group of people. The phrase in Joel 2, "evenon my servants," emphasizes that God will not only pour out His Spirit on all people during the last days, but He will also elevate His servantsevenhigher by giving them a greater measure of Holy Spirit power than His "servants" characteristically have had in ages past.

We close the first specification on the 144,000 with a summary deducted from the evidence examined thus far: Even though there is no way to determine who the twelve tribes of Israel are, we know the twelve tribes of Israel exist because God will select and seal 12,000 from each tribe before the four angels hurt Earth. As faithfulservantsof Jesus Christ, they will do everything their Master commands. Asprophetsof Jesus, they will deliver "the testimony of Jesus" during the Great Tribulation. (Revelation 1:9; 12:17; 19:10) The 144,000 will suffer enormously because of their words. Many, if not all, of the 144,000 will perish "because of the Word of God and the testimony they maintain." (Revelation 6:9) John often distinguishes between God's "servants the prophets" and ordinary saints because they are separate groups of people.

Afterthe 144,000 are sealed, the four winds of God's wrath will be released and the Great Tribulation will begin. According to the specifications of the fourth seal, the number of casualties will be 25%
of Earth's population. Jesus will initiate the Great Tribulation with sudden and overwhelming destruction. (1 Thessalonians 5:3)The punitive judgments in the fourth seal, the four winds of Revelation 7,
and the first four trumpets harmoniously align.(See Chart 11.1.) At this very moment, the only thing holding back the commencement of the Great Tribulation is a single command given to four angels!
(Revelation 7:3)

Please review the following verses so you can thoughtfully consider the two questions that follow:"After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the Earth, holding back the four winds of the Earth to prevent any wind from blowing on the land or on the sea or on any tree. Then I saw another angel coming up from the east, having the seal of the living God. He called out in a loud voice to the four angelswho had been given power to harm the land and the sea:'Do not harm the land or the sea or the treesuntilwe put a seal on the foreheads of the servants of our God.' Then I heard the number of those who were sealed: 144,000 from all the tribes of Israel."(Revelation 7:1-4 Italics mine)

Question #1:Why do we need to know about this delay?

Question #2:Will the sealing of the 144,000 be determined by character or by timing? In other words, will Jesus wait for 144,000 people to become sanctified and "pure in heart" before He seals them or will Jesus wait for the appointed time to arrive to select 144,000 people and seal them?

The delay in Revelation 7 is foretold because the final generation needs to know that God's wrath is overduebeforeit is released. This fact helps us understand the events recorded in Revelation 8:3-5. In other words, God's patience with sin and sinners expiresbeforethe 144,000 are sealed. This is why the four angels are empowered and sent to Earth, but told to wait until He has sealed the 144,000. The phrase, "the four winds of Earth," is a word picture of global destruction and upheaval. The release of the four winds (coming from the north, east, west and south) implies powerful, but unseen forces that will chaotically scatter and sweep away all that the human race has built. Consider the following brief scenario which will be presented in greater detail in the next chapter of this book:

The Bible says there are seven angels that stand before God. (Revelation 8:2) These exalted angels are ready to carry out any command that proceeds from the throne. I understand that these seven angels were given seven trumpets in the Spring of 1994 because Earth's cup of iniquity became full at that time. Four of the seven angels have been sent to Earth to harm this planet because God's patience with Earth has ended. Before the angels could harm the land, sea and trees, Jesus restrained them with a command. The Lord put these four angels on hold until His 144,000 servants are sealed. Again, the last generation needs to know thatGod's wrath is overdueand Jesus has put global destruction on hold until the time comes for 144,000 servants to be sealed. Please examine Chart 11.1.

Chart 11.1

Years ago, I heard Evangelist Billy Graham make a comment that went something like this, "If God does not do something soon about the degeneracy of the United States, He will owe Sodom and Gomorrah an apology." Dr. Graham was right. The only reason that Jesus has not done something about Earth's degeneracy istiming. Jesus imposed a short delay in Revelation 7:3 and the inhabitants of Earth have been living on borrowed time since 1994.

Will the sealing of the 144,000 be determined by character or by timing? In other words, has Jesus been waiting for 144,000 people to become sinless so that they can be sealed, or is Jesus waiting for the appointed time to arrive to select and seal 144,000 people?

The answer to Question #2 is timing. Jesus is waiting for the appointed time to arrive before selecting and sealing 12,000 from each of the twelve tribes. (Revelation 7:4) Contrary to what some denominations teach, Jesus is not waiting on 144,000 people to become sinless so they can be sealed. If Jesus was waiting for 144,000 people to become sinless, a person could argue the Great Tribulation will never start because a sinner cannot become sinless. A sinner may go for a period of time without sinning, but this does not make him sinless!Once a sinner, forever a sinner!This is why Adam and Eve had to be cast out of the Garden of Eden. Because we have carnal natures, we are sinful within. We cannot remove our carnal natures. At best, we can subdue our carnal desires through the indwelling power of the Holy Spirit (Romans 7-8), and millions of people have experienced victory over their carnal natures for centuries. Jesus could have sealed 144,000 people centuries ago if He had wanted, because at any given time there are enough people on Earth who love the Lord with all their hearts, minds, and souls, to accomplish all the Lord wants to do. Remember how Elijah thought that healonehad been faithful to the Lord during Israel's apostasy and the Lord politely informed the beleaguered prophet that He had seven thousand people in Israel who had not worshiped Baal? (1 Kings 19:18)

We have already noticed that when the sealing occurs, each tribe in Israel will be larger than 12,000 people. In other words, when the time comes for sealing, Jesus will have more than 12,000 people in each tribe from which to choose! This proves that Jesus is not waiting on 144,000 people to become sinless. At the appointed time, He will choose the best from each tribe (as firstfruits) to be His servants. These loyal servants will answer His call and endure the trials and tribulations of being His prophets.

Bottom line: Jesus is waiting for theappointed timeof the end to arrive (Daniel 8:19); the time set by the Father. (Acts 1:7) When we approach the day that is 1,335 days from the end of the sixth millennium of sin, the 144,000 will be selected and sealed. Then, the delay imposed in Revelation 7:3 will end – right on time. God's judgments will begin on time. Jesus is waiting on the "Grand-Father's" clock to chime and when it does, He will declare the delay is over (Revelation 10:6) and the four winds of His wrath will be released. Before we leave Question #2, please consider the following points:

According to Rule One of apocalyptic prophecy, each apocalyptic prophecy has a beginning point and ending point in time. The sealing of the 144,000 in Revelation 7:1-8:1 follows Rule One. For centuries, Bible students have asked,whendoes Revelation 7:1-4 occur? Please examine these two texts and notice that in each case, four angels are involved (bold text and insertions mine):

Revelation 7:1"After this I sawfour angelsstanding at the four corners of the Earth, holding back the four winds of the earth to prevent any wind from blowing on the land or on the sea or on any tree."

Revelation 9:14,15"It [the voice from the Altar of Incense] said to the sixth angel who had the trumpet, 'Releasethe four angelswho are bound at the great river Euphrates.' And the four angels who had been kept ready forthis very hour and day and month and yearwere released to kill a third of mankind."

These texts identify two groups of angels. The first text (Revelation 7) describes four angels sent from God's throne to harm Earth. The second text (Revelation 9) describes four angels (actually four fallen angels, e.g., demons) who will be let out of the abyss during the fifth trumpet. During the sixth trumpet, the four demons in the second text will be released at aspecific hourto kill a third of mankind. (Review the bold faced words in the text.) Since the four demons in Revelation 9 are held back until the appointed hour, day, month and year arrives, the four angels in Revelation 7 are waiting for anexact hour, day, month and yearto do their work. With God, timing is everything.

God's four angels and Lucifer's four angels will be allowed to kill thesame numberof people during the Great Tribulation. Look at the math: After the fourth seal is broken, 25% of Earth's population will die. In round numbers, currently Earth's population is about six billion people. Twenty-five percent of Earth's population would be 1.5 billion people. So, Earth's population will be reduced to 4.5 billion people by the destruction of the first four trumpets. When the sixth trumpet sounds (890 days later), one-third of mankind will be killed by Lucifer's four angels. One third of 4.5 billion people is another 1.5 billion people! The net result is that both groups of angels kill thesame numberof people. This balance is not a mere coincidence. God has deliberately and purposefully determined the properties of the Great Tribulation.

God has predetermined that the battle for the hearts and souls of mankind will be a "fair fight." If the devil was given complete control of Earth, he would destroy the whole world in a single day. Therefore, the devil will be restrained at each step of the way because God insists that the survivors must remain free to exercise their power of choice. The Great Tribulation will be a powerful vortex that will force the living intochoosingwhom they will honor and obey. This is why worship will surface as the all important issue during the Great Tribulation. When the people of Earth see the overwhelming death and destruction caused by God's wrath, the topic of worship will become highly important, because worship will be viewed as the prerequisite means to appease God so that His anger will cease. Desperate circumstances will force the survivors into making a tough decision about whom they will obey. The consequences either way will be very difficult. This vortex explains why the Great Tribulation is called, "a time of wrath." (Daniel 8:19; 11:36; Revelation 15:1)

It is interesting to discover that during the Great Tribulation, whatever Jesus is allowed to do, the devil is allowed to do. Jesus will have 144,000servantsspeaking for Him and the devil will have thousands of religious and political authorities speaking for him. Evil can neither conquer good, nor can good destroy eviluntilJesus arrives. Jesus wants the people of Earth to make an informed and intelligent decision as to whom they will obey. (Matthew 24:14) This is why He seals 144,000 prophetsbeforethe Great Tribulation begins. The world will hear the testimony of Jesus through the mouths of His servants the prophets.

When we study the fifth trumpet in the next chapter, we will see another incredible balance: At the end of the 1,335 days (Daniel 12:12) allotted for the Great Tribulation, Jesus will physically appear in clouds of glory to gather up His children. To be fair, 890 days into the Great Tribulation, the devil will be granted the privilege of appearing in clouds of glory. He will masquerade as Jesus, pretending to establish a kingdom of peace on Earth for 1,000 years! (Revelation 9:1-11) These matters are introduced at this point because you need to be aware that the forces for good and for evil will remain "balanced" until all people on Earth have exercised their power of choice. When the last person on Earth makes his decision, Jesus will declare this verdict,"Let him who does wrong continue to do wrong; let him who is vile continue to be vile; let him who does right continue to do right; and let him who is holy continue to be holy. Behold, I am coming soon! My reward is with me, and I will give to everyone according to what he has done."(Revelation 22:11, 12)

I believe the Sabbath millennium described in Revelation 20 will begin on time because God's Sabbaths are never early or late. When Earth reaches a day that is 1,335 days from the end of the sixth thousand years of sin, the Great Tribulation will begin. At this time, no one knows precisely where the sixth thousandth year is, but we cannot be very far from it.

Counting 1,335 Days Backward from 6,000th Year

Chart 11.2

When the appointed day arrives, the four angels in Revelation 7:1-4 will be released to do their harm. This release is described in Revelation 10."Then the angel I had seen standing on the sea and on the land raised his right hand to Heaven. And He swore by Him who lives for ever and ever, who created the Heavens and all that is in them, the Earth and all that is in it, and the sea and all that is in it, and said, 'There will be no more delay!' "(Revelation 10:5, 6) Just before the delay is terminated, Jesus will seal 144,000 servants. Then, He will announce the end of the delay in a thunderous voice. (In fact, this announcement will be the first of seven thunders which the 144,000 will hear and understand. See John 12:28-30.)

Jesus imposed a delay in Revelation 7:3 and Jesus will terminate the delay when He declares"There will be no more delay!"Until Jesus grants permission, the four angels cannot harm Earth. After Jesus declares there will be no more delay, no one will be able to turn the hands of God's clock back or stop the arrival of His oncoming judgments. God's wrath is overdue, but the 1,335 days necessary to conclude the 6,000th year have not arrived. Please examine Chart 11.3 and notice the vertical alignment of three prophecies.

Revelation's Matrix Grows

Chart 11.3

1st seal = Salvation through faith in Jesus alone

2nd seal = Translation and distribution of the Bible

3rd seal = The judgment bar of Christ begins

4th seal = Great Tribulation begins

5th seal = Martyrdom of prophets and saints

6th seal = Second Coming

A= Four angels of God given power to harm Earth

Waiting= Currently we are waiting for the arrival of the appointed day to seal the 144,000

B= The numberless multitude standing around the throne after the Second Coming

C= Seventh seal broken at the end of the millennium

x = Global Earthquake

1st trumpet = Fiery hailstorms

2nd trumpet = Asteroid impact on an ocean

3rd trumpet = Asteroid impact on a continent

4th trumpet = Ring of Fire erupts – volcano ejecta causes darkness

5th trumpet = Lucifer appears

6th trumpet = Lucifer's four angels kill one-third of mankind

We will examine three specifications of the 144,000 in this segment. First, the 144,000 will be presented to the Father and the Lamb as firstfruits of Earth's harvest. (Revelation 14:4) Second, the 144,000 will not be defiled by women. (Revelation 14:4) Third, the 144,000 will be the first ever to receive the seal of God. (Revelation 7:3) With these three specifications in mind, let us take a look.

No one has yet received the "seal of God" described in Revelation 7, because the 144,000 will be thefirstto receive it. Two statements in the book of Revelation highlight this point. First, the four angels are told to hold back the four winds of the Great Tribulation until the 144,000 are sealed. (Revelation 7:3) In other words, when 144,000 people have been sealed, the fourth seal will be broken and the Great Tribulation will begin! Second, Revelation 14:4 says the 144,000 will be presented to God and the Lamb as firstfruits of Earth's harvest. Because the 144,000 will be the firstfruits of Earth's harvest, and because God's wrath is not released until they are sealed, they have to be the first people ever to receive the seal of God. The seal of God and the sealing of the 144,000 is an "iceberg" topic – one third of it is above surface and two-thirds are below the surface. With this in mind, let us dive under the surface and examine some controversial issues.

In Chapter 4 of this book, we examined the 2,300 days of Daniel 8:14 and the cleansing of Heaven's temple. In Chapter 10 we examined the relationship between the third seal and 1844. We have already touched on the essential doctrines of "soul sleep" and God's use of "parallel temples." A synthesis of these matters indicates that the judgment bar of Christ began in the Spring of 1844. At that time, Jesus began reviewing the records of the dead which had been "sealed" by death. Because man's power of choice is terminated at death, death permanently "seals" the life's record of those who die. This is why Hebrews 4:7 says,". . . Today, if you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts."

Unlike thesealedrecords of the dead, the judgment of the living presents an interesting challenge. How can Jesus pass eternal judgment on a person who still has the power of choice and the freedom to change his mind? At the risk of being repetitive, here is a short response to this question. One day I was discussing this subject with some friends when one of them said, "Since God already knows our hearts, why does He not judge us on the basis of what He knows about us? If He judged us this way, there would be no need for testing the people of Earth with torment and persecution during the Great Tribulation." I responded, "Suppose Jesus were to do as you have suggested. Suppose at the judgment you discover that you are standing among the wicked, outside the holy city. When you realize that you are about to perish by fire, you cry out to the Lord saying, 'Lord, I did not do anything to deserve burning in hell!' The Lord responds, 'My child, I know you did nothing to deserve this, but I knew that you would have if given the chance.' " Then I asked, "Do you want to be judged on the basis ofyourchoices or do you want to be judged on the basis of God'sforeknowledge?" After a few smiles, the story surrounding the book sealed with seven seals suddenly made a lot of sense.

In Bible times, seals were used for four purposes. (If possible, look up the following references.) Seals have been used to certify the authenticity of a document or transaction. (Esther 8:8, Jeremiah 32:10) Seals were used to prevent tampering or change. (Daniel 6:17; Matthew 27:65, 66) Seals were used to show approval and ownership. (John 6:27; 2 Corinthians 1:22) Last, seals were used as locks to secure property or secrets. (Daniel 12:4; Revelation 5:1) When the Bible speaks of sealing the 144,000, all four uses will apply! Notice how the sequence unfolds:

Thefirstpeople to stand before the judgment bar of Jesuswhile alivewill be the 144,000. They will be selectedfromthe twelve tribes of Israel and they will be tested, judged,mysteriouslytransformed, and securely "sealed" with sinless natures just before the four winds are released. The "seal of God" on the foreheads of the 144,000 means, (a) they have been tested and judged, (b) their carnal natures have been removed,
(c) they are free of any attraction to sin, and (d) they are bond servants of the Father and the Lamb. We will examine this four-step process in a moment. For now, we need to understand why the 144,000 are called "firstfruits."

The word "firstfruits" would speak volumes if you lived in Bible times. Basically, firstfruits were used as a tithe, a gift of 10% or more based on net increase. Presenting firstfruits to the Lord was to be both a gift of appreciation and an adventure in anticipation. God required the offering of firstfruits to challenge the creeping selfishness of man's carnal heart. By requiring man to "give up" the first and best part of any increase, firstfruits were designed to frustrate man's relentless preoccupation with acquiring wealth – just as God's seventh day Sabbath was designed to frustrate man's insatiable need for more time to do all that he wants to do. Even more, this gift was designed to develop faith in God through anticipation. Notice how this was supposed to work: If a farmer was about to harvest a wheat crop, he was to search through his field and select the finest stalks that maturedfirstand present them to the high priest at the temple. The gift of firstfruits was to be given with gratitude for God's sustaining providence and the gift was supposed to represent a tithe of what the farmerhopedhis new crop would produce. In other words, God designed the giving of firstfruits to be a remarkable experience, not a regular tax. Firstfruits included the first increase from wool, animals, crops and money – any type of increase.

The word "firstfruits" offers several object lessons. The quantity of firstfruits indicated the amount of increase "hoped for." When Paul wrote,"Now faith is being sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see."(Hebrews 11:1), Paul may have used the anticipation that went with gathering firstfruits to frame his remarks. A few verses later, he wrote,"And without faith it is impossible to please God, because anyone who comes to him must believe that he exists and that he rewards those who earnestly seek him."(Hebrews 11:6) Faith really defines the practice of giving firstfruits to God. The difference between paying a tax and giving firstfruits is gratitude. Tax is a necessary obligation. The giving of firstfruits was supposed to be accompanied with an attitude of gratitude, and embedded in the experience was a financial anticipation. (Unfortunately, Israel did not understand God's purpose for firstfruits and over the years it became regarded as a tax.)

The 144,000 are called firstfruits in Revelation 14:4 for two reasons.First, the 144,000 will be the firstfruits of the coming harvest to be sealed. Later on, the individuals who hear their testimony during the Great Tribulation and pass the test of faith will also be sealed as the 144,000 were sealed.Second, the 144,000 are called firstfruits because they are a sample of what follows. If barley was presented as a firstfruits offering, the harvest that followed would, of course, be barley. The 144,000 and the numberless multitude that come after them will be identical in composition. These matters will prove to be extremely important when we examine the Jewish heritage of the 144,000 and the great multitude in Specification #8. One last comment – when the firstfruits were presented to the High Priest, they became his property. The parallel is that when the 144,000 are presented to God and Jesus, our High Priest, they will belong to the Father and the Son. As a result, they will be highly exalted and they will follow the Lamb wherever He goes throughout eternity.

"These are those who did not defile themselves with women, for they kept themselves pure . . ."(Revelation 14:4) Many people read these words and conclude the 144,000 will be sexually pure. Of course, they will be sexually pure, but so will everyone else who enters into the holy city!"But the cowardly, the unbelieving, the vile, the murderers,the sexually immoral,those who practice magic arts, the idolaters and all liars – their place will be in the fiery lake of burning sulfur. This is the second death."(Revelation 21:8, italics mine)

Some people read the phrase, "[they]did not defile themselves with women, for they kept themselves pure"and conclude the 144,000 will be male virgins. Are women inherently defiling? Of course not! The Bible says the sexual experience between a man and woman within the confines of marriage is neither defiling nor immoral. (Genesis 1:28;
1 Corinthians 7:5; Hebrews 13:4) Other people say the 144,000 will be Jewish males that have not been sexually immoral with women. Look again! This text does not imply the 144,000 will be males! Women can defile themselves with women! (Compare Leviticus 18:22 with Romans 1:26.) Certain groups of Christians interpret this verse to mean the 144,000 will be members oftheirparticular church – which, they believe, is the only church on Earth possessing the truth about God. This conclusion is based on a faulty understanding of the harlot's identity in Revelation 17:5. The Bible says,"This title was written on her[the harlot's]forehead: Mystery Babylon the Greatthe Mother of Prostitutesand of the Abominations of the Earth."(insertion and italics mine) Several Protestant churches believe (or used to believe) the Roman Catholic Church is the great harlot of Revelation. As such, this makes the Catholic Church "the mother of prostitutes," that is, the mother of apostate Protestantism. Of course, the irony of this view is that advocates are convinced their church is not a daughter of "the harlot." Therefore, they conclude the 144,000 must originate from within their church, which they believe is the onlyremaining truechurch on Earth! As you can see, this view is completely consistent with the egocentric nature of man's religion. Every religious system claims to know God best. The arrogance and ignorance of religion is difficult to measure.

Beneath the surface, there is a much deeper meaning to the phrase, "[they]did not defile themselves with women, for they kept themselves pure."This phrase is not about sexual immorality; but rather, it is a phrase describing the devotion of the 144,000 to serve the Lord. Rule Three of apocalyptic prophecy says that we should examine parallel language in the Bible to determine the intended meaning of this phrase. In so doing, we will findthis specification to be a superlative statement about the devotion of the 144,000 to the Lord.With this thought in mind, please consider a few words about God's original purpose and mission for the twelve tribes of Israel.

When the Lord called Israel out of Egypt, He said,"You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt, and how I carried you on eagles' wings and brought you to myself. Nowifyou obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be my treasured possession. Although the whole earth is mine, you will be for mea kingdom of priestsand a holy nation. . . .' "(Exodus 19:4-6, italics mine) A priest is someone God has appointed to stand between God and man. (Hebrews 5:1) Israel was to be a kingdom of priests showing fallen man the love and ways of God. This was God's plan for Israel, but His plan never got off the ground. Seven hundred years after Israel left Egypt, the Lord pleaded with Israel,"I, the Lord, have called you in righteousness; I will take hold of your hand.[If you will love me and obey me, I will not destroy you.]I will keep you and will make you to be a covenant for the people and a light for the Gentiles, to open eyes that are blind[to truth], to free captives from prison[of sin]and to release from the dungeon those who sit in[spiritual]darkness."(Isaiah 42:6, 7, insertions mine) These words fell on deaf ears and about a hundred years later, God exiled Israel to Babylon for apostasy. Seven hundred years after the exile, the apostle Paul elegantly summarized God's original purpose for the twelve tribes when he said:"For this is what the Lord has commanded us[the twelve tribes of Israel]: 'I have made you a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring salvation to the ends of the Earth.' "(Acts 13:47, insertion mine) We can see from these texts that God's plan for Israel did not materialize, and we know from Revelation 7 that 12,000 from each of the twelve tribes will yet accomplish God's purpose and mission.

Now that we have briefly reviewed God's purpose and mission for the twelve tribes of Israel, we should be able to understand God'smotive and intentwhen He declared the following law*:"Do not intermarry with them[the inhabitants of Canaan]. Do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters for your sons,for they will turn your sons away from following meto serve other gods, and the Lord's anger will burn against you and will quickly destroy you."(Deuteronomy 7:3, 4, insertion and italics mine) God declared this law just before the twelve tribes entered the promised land. Bible history confirms that Israel essentially ignored this law from the start. Everyone who knows anything about the Old Testament has heard about Samson's love for Delilah who was a Philistine, and King Solomon is widely known as "the man" who had 700 wives and 300 concubines. Notice this text:"King Solomon, however, loved many foreign women besides Pharaoh's daughter – Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians and Hittites. They were from nations about which the Lord had told the Israelites, 'You must not intermarry with them, because they will surely turn your hearts after their gods.' Nevertheless, Solomon held fast to them in love. He had seven hundred wives of royal birth and three hundred concubines, andhis wives led him astray."(1 Kings 11:1-3, italics mine)

*   Genesis 6 indicates the flood in Noah's day was brought about because of intermarriage. The Bible says, "The sons of God [those faithful to God] saw that the daughters of [carnal and agnostic] men were beautiful, and they married any of them they chose." (Genesis 6:2, insertions mine) Ironically, the consequences of verse 2 necessitated the destruction described in verse 7.

Foreign wives led Solomon astray, and in turn, King Solomon led Israel into apostasy. Consequently, it became impossible for God to produce a nation of priests because His people had no interest in accomplishing His objectives. Israel had abandoned God's agenda to satisfy its own agenda. About 200 years after Solomon died, God destroyed the ten northern tribes of Israel, and 100 years after that, He exiled the remaining two tribes to Babylon. Ironically, God's wrath against the nation did not terminate Israel's intermarriage with foreigners. During the seventy years of Babylonian captivity, Jewish captives continued to intermarry.

God forbade intermarriage, because He foreknew intermarriage with foreigners guaranteed Israel's departure from the purpose and mission for which they had been chosen. Notice how God's law against intermarriage has two sides: From God's perspective, His law would protect Israel from the wayward influence of husbands and wives who wanted to serve other gods. From Israel's perspective, the law was a detriment to the pursuit of happiness because it restricted dating and marriage. Who can reason with two young people in love that they should not marry because there is a law against it? The parents of Samson tried to reason with him, but they could not overcome his affection (or should I say, affliction) for Delilah. In short, this is the dilemma of the carnal nature.God's laws are based on a comprehensive understanding of good and evil and His exalted purposes for us. Our rebellion against God is caused by a heart that is grossly selfish, and our failure to understand the grand purposes for which we were created.

In the first month of the Jubilee year of 457 B.C., Ezra, a trusted officer in King Artaxerxes' court, a priest of Israel and a teacher of the Law of the God of Heaven, asked the king to issue a decree permitting him to travel to Jerusalem and finish the reconstruction of the city and the temple. Ezra was devoted to God's service and he eagerly wanted to see his people fulfill God's will. After a lengthy trip, Ezra arrived in Jerusalem and he was overwhelmed with the indifferent attitude of the people toward God and the degenerate condition of Israel. After surveying the situation for himself, Ezra called for the leaders."After these things had been done, the leaders came to me and said, 'The people of Israel, including the priests and the Levites, have not kept themselves separate from the neighboring peoples with their detestable practices, like those of the Canaanites, Hittites, Perizzites, Jebusites, Ammonites, Moabites, Egyptians and Amorites. They have taken some of their daughters as wives for themselves and their sons, and have mingled the holy race with the peoples around them. And the leaders and officials have led the way in this unfaithfulness.' When I heard this, I[Ezra]tore my tunic and cloak, pulled hair from my head and beard and sat down appalled."(Ezra 9:1-3, insertion mine)

"Then Shecaniah son of Jehiel, one of the descendants of Elam, said to Ezra, 'We have been unfaithful to our God by marrying foreign women from the peoples around us. But in spite of this, there is still hope for Israel. Now let us make a covenant before our God to send away all these women and their children, in accordance with the counsel of my lord[Ezra]and of those who fear the commands of our God. Let it be done according to the Law. . . .' Then Ezra the priest stood up and said to them, 'You have been unfaithful; you have married foreign women, adding to Israel's guilt. Now make confession to the Lord, the God of your fathers, and do his will. Separate yourselves from the peoples around you and from your foreign wives.' The whole assembly responded with a loud voice: 'You are right! We must do as you say.' "(Ezra 10:2, 3; 10-12, insertion mine)

Now that we have reviewed God's law about intermarriage, Israel's history of apostasy and Ezra's solution to intermarriage, we are in a good position to understand the meaning of the phrase,"they did not defile themselves with women, for they kept themselves pure."In summary, the 144,000 will not be corrupted by marriage and they will not fall into apostasy because of their families. The 144,000 will successfully fulfill God's assignment. They will not be deterred by marital conflicts or familial rejection. They will not be compromised. They will fulfill the calling, mission and purpose for which God ordains them. Perhaps the following A/B parallels will clarify this matter:

Remember, the subject of the 144,000 is an "iceberg" topic. On the surface, the phrase says the 144,000 will not be defiled by women, however, beneath the surface, there is a lot more to this phrase than avoiding sexual immorality. God's 144,000 servants, (both men and women according to Joel 2), will be severely tested. Abraham was severely tested to see if he loved Isaac more than God. (Genesis 22:2; Hebrews 11:17) Moses was severely tested to see if he would be willing to be called the son of Pharaoh's daughter. (Hebrews 11:24, 25) Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego were severely tested to see whether they would obey God. (Daniel 3:16-18) Daniel was severely tested to see if he would continue to pray to God. (Daniel 6:10) Job was severely tested to see if his faith in God was nonnegotiable. (Job 23:10) Jesus was severely tested in the wilderness by the devil (Matthew 4:1-11) and He was tempted in every way as we are. (Hebrews 4:15) The 144,000 will be severely tested to see if their love for Jesus will endure humiliation and the scorn of rejection. Once they pass their fiery test, they will bemysteriouslytransformed within. This mysterious transformation requires some explanation.

"But in the days when the seventh angel is about to sound his trumpet, the mystery of God will be accomplished, just as he announced to his servants the prophets."(Revelation 10:7)

What is the mystery of God mentioned in Revelation 10:7? We know that it will be completed at the seventh trumpet, but when does it start? The mystery of God is the sealing and it begins with the 144,000 because "judgment begins at the house of God." (1 Peter 4:17) The mystery of God will be amysterioustransformation that cannot be seen, but the results will be seen. During the judgment of the living, the carnal nature will be removed from everyone who receives Jesus as their Savior and passes the test of faith. The 144,000 will be the first people to experience this amazing transformation. After they have been severely tested and transformed, God will place His seal on their foreheads indicating a secure and permanent transaction has occurred. Remember the four uses of seals in the Bible? The seal of God on the 144,000 indicates afinishedtransformation, a secured position. The 144,000 will be delivered from the attraction of sin. The sinless and bold behavior of the 144,000 will reflect this stunning transformation. They will speak the truth without regard to consequences. The Bible says,"No lie was found in their mouths; they are blameless!"(Revelation 14:5) This is why the mystery of God (the transformation of man's nature) cannot be seen, but the results will be seen and heard.

Consider the following scenario: Because the 144,000 are declared "firstfruits," the judgment of the living will begin with the 144,000. After they are tested and judged, their carnal nature will bemysteriouslyandmiraculouslyremoved. Then, the 144,000 will be "sealed" with sinless natures – having no propensity or attraction toward rebellion against God. In fact, they will have a distinct repulsiveness toward sin. The 144,000 will be the first to receive what Adam and Eve lost when they sinned. The good news is that each person who receives the testimony of the 144,000 and passes the test of faith will also experience "the transforming mystery of God" and receive the seal of God!

After each person is sealed, the struggle with the carnal nature will be over! Sin will be repulsive and unnatural. Paul knew this transition was coming, even though he did not know exactly when. He wrote,
". . .The time is coming, declares the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the[whole]house of Israel[the ten tribes that lived in the north]and with the house of Judah[the two tribes that lived in the south]. It will not be like the[bilateral]covenant I made with their forefathers[in Exodus 19]when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt, because[of their carnal hearts]they did not remain faithful to my covenant, and I turned away from[rejected]them, declares the Lord. This is the[everlasting]covenant I will make with the house[twelve tribes]of Israel after that time[the years allotted for the duration of sin], declares the Lord. I will[transform their hearts and minds and]put my laws in their minds and write them on their hearts[so there will be no rebellion toward me within their body]. I will be their God, and they will be my people. No longer will a man teach his neighbor, or a man his brother, saying, 'Know the Lord,' because they will all[personally]know me, from the least of them to the greatest. For I will forgive their wickedness and will remember their sins no more. By calling this covenant 'new,' He[God]has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and aging will soon disappear."(Hebrews 8:8-13, insertions mine)

The gospel of Jesus is more than words. The gospel of Jesus is a way of life and love. Jesus will use 144,000 servants to "show and tell" the world what He wants. From the human perspective, we will look at the 144,000 as bold people at first. These ordinary people will prove to be anything but ordinary after they begin their ministry. Their testimony and actions will be awesome because they will be transformed by God's power. All the money in the world will not be able to buy the seal of God. Jesus will personally transform and seal one person at a time as they take hold of His promises and pass the test of faith. Jesus is a personal Savior, as well as our Judge, and every soul who embraces His teachings will experience His transforming touch.

The 144,000 will be "perfect" reflections of the love of Jesus. They will be perfect examples of what "Christ in you, the hope of glory" looks like. (Colossians 1:27) Every person who loves truth, regardless of religious background, will observe the humble and loving character of the 144,000. Of course, their truthful speech and blameless lives will offend and infuriate the wicked. Jesus warned His disciples,"Remember the words I spoke to you: 'Noservantis greater than his master.' If they persecuted me, they will persecute you also. If they obeyed my teaching, they will obey yours also. They will treat you this way because of my name, for they do not know the One who sent me."(John 15:20, 21, italics mine)

We have discussed how the 144,000 will be the first among the living to be judged and mysteriously transformed. We know the 144,000 will be "sealed" a few daysbeforethe Great Tribulation begins. After they are sealed, the four winds will be released – the judgments of God will begin to fall. Then, 144,000 prophets of God will boldly and fearlessly proclaim the terms and conditions for salvation to a world saturated with ignorance and blinded by religious arrogance. Without regard for the wishes of family members or personal safety, they will speak the Words of Jesus given to them by the Holy Spirit. No lie will be found in their mouths. The testimony of the 144,000 will alienate the religious and political leaders of Earth and all of the wicked. Civil authorities will severely persecute the 144,000, because their "testimony" will be regarded as "inflamatory speech." The 144,000 will receive the brunt of persecution and religious hatred, and so will those people who receive their testimony. Nevertheless, the whole world will hear "the testimony of Jesus" through His faithful "servants the prophets" and the end result is that everyone on Earth will be tested. Everyone on Earth will be put through this four step process:

During the Great Tribulation, the gospel of Christ will be proclaimed with clarity and power. Everyone will make an informed and intelligent decision with regard to the gospel. The gospel of Christ demands submission to the King of kings. Many will submit, and twice as many will rebel. In short, the whole world will be put through a time of severe testing. (Revelation 3:10)

The sealing of the firstfruits (144,000) and the numberless multitude that follows occurs during the appointed time of the end because the sealing "of the living" is the last phase in the judgment bar of Christ. In other words, after a person passes the test of faith, that person will bemysteriouslytransformed and sealed with the seal of God. When the last saint is sealed, "the mystery of God" will be completed – just before the seventh trumpet sounds. (Revelation 10:7)

A certain amount of knowledge existed during New Testament times about the sealing, but it was not experienced or put in its proper context. Paul writes about God's seal and "sealing" in various places and we need to examine Paul's views and comments so that his statements can be prophetically corrected and applied to our day. Before we examine Paul's comments on the seal of God, please review the following texts from the New Testament so that you can appreciate the first century A.D. mind set which Paul and the apostles had with respect to time and timing. (I have underlined certain words to emphasize key points.)

1.The apostle Peter thought he was living at the end of the world. Notice these verses. On the day of Pentecost in A.D. 30, Peter stood and said,"These men are not drunk, as you suppose. It's only nine in the morning! No, this is what was spoken by the prophet Joel: 'In the last days, God says, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, your old men will dream dreams.' "(Acts 2:15-17) "The end of all things is near. Therefore be clear minded and self-controlled so that you can pray."(1 Peter 4:7)

2.The apostle James thought he was living at the end of the world. He wrote,"Be patient, then, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See how the farmer waits for the land to yield its valuable crop and how patient he is for the autumn and spring rains. You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord's coming is near."(James 5:7, 8)

3.The apostle John thought he was living at the end of the world. He wrote,"Dear children, this is the last hour; and as you have heard that the antichrist is coming, even now many antichrists have come. This is how we know it is the last hour."(1 John 2:18)

4.The apostle Paul thought he was living at the end of the world. He wrote,"What I mean, brothers, is that the time is short. From now on those who have wives should live as if they had none."
(1 Corinthians 7:29)

5.Paul also wrote,"In the past God spoke to our forefathers through the prophets at many times and in various ways, but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, and through whom he made the universe."(Hebrews 1:1, 2)"For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us: Nor yet that he should offer himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every year with blood of others; For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself."(Hebrews 9:24-26, KJV)"The night is nearly over; the day is almost here. So let us put aside the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light."(Romans 13:12)

After reviewing these texts we find unanimous agreement among the apostles. They believed they were living at the end of the world. History also records that most, if not all of the apostles, had died or been put to death by the time John wrote the book of Revelation. My point is the apostles died without realizing their inaccurate knowledge of God's timing. None of them knew the Second Coming would be 2,000 years into the future. Paul acknowledged this handicap saying,"For we know in part and we prophesy in part, but when perfection comes, the imperfect disappears."(1 Corinthians 13:9, 10)

The subject of the seal of God specifically applies to Paul's statement,"For we know in part and we prophesy in part. . . ."Paul was martyred about thirty years before John wrote the book of Revelation. Paul knew certain things about the mysterious transformation and the sealing, but he did not know its timing. Therefore, Paul applied what he knew about the sealing in his day! In a similar way, after reading the book of Hebrews a person could say that Paul certainly knew about the ministry of Jesus in Heaven's temple as our High Priest in the Most Holy Place. The problem though, is that Paul did not understand the 2,300 days of Daniel 8:14, and he did not know about the time, times and half a time of the little horn power in Daniel 7:25. Simply stated, Paul had no idea that the twenty-first century A.D. would take place. Paul and the apostles understood many parts of God's plan, but they could not know the timing or arrangement of these parts because the book of Daniel was sealed until the appointed time of the end. (Daniel 12:4, 9)

Consider the following three statements:

Given these three prophetic matters and Paul's ignorance of them, we have to put Paul's comments on the sealing within the context of what he believed. The same holds true with Peter on the day of Pentecost; we have to overlook some of Peter's statements about timing. Please examine the following texts (I have inserted some phrases in brackets and emphasized key words with boldface type):